Thursday 3 June 2010
Earthworks Planning
Earthworks
w Extent of excavation
n Foundations, basements, roadworks (cut & fill)
w Working space
n To include: plant yards & material storage
w Disposal & Re-use
n Location
n Spec. requirements
w Existing services
n Pipes, cables, extg structures
Ground Conditions
w Earthwork support
n Type of soil
n Weather effects on soil
w Water control
n Sumps, ditches
w Type of plant
n Type of excavation
w Backhoe
w Excavator
w Scraper
w Ripper
Weather
w Seasonal
n Longer term effects
w Local
n Heavy rainfall
Moisture Contents
w Workability of soils affected greatly by moisture content
n very wet, cannot be compacted
n very dry, will need wetting
w Frost
n expansion and contracting causes instability
Economics
w Nature and extent of work
w Plant type and availability
w Extent of re-use (acceptability)
w Programming
Types of Excavations
w Bulk
n Cut & fill
n Basements
n Hand dig
w Rock (Hard Material)
n Manual of Contract Documents for Highway Works – Series 600
Techniques for Rock
w Breakers
w Wedges
w Drilling
w Blasting
Trench Excavation
w Choice of method depends upon
n Type of drain
n Ground conditions
n Ground water
n Location
n Extg. Services
n Programming
Methods
w Full depth - full length
w Full depth - successive stages
w Stage depth
Large Excavation Support
w Rock bolting
w Battered sides
w Internal support
w Dumpling
w Contiguous bored pile walls
Groundwater Control
w Pumping systems
n Sumps
n Wells
n Wellpoints
w Freezing
w Compressed Air
w Grouting Methods
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